Password managers Essays - Computer Access Control,

Secret word chiefs Course Institutional Affiliation Date Presentation A secret word chief is basically a product that guides clients compose and store their passwords. Much of the time, they frequently store such passwords in encoded position requiring the client to build up an ace secret key , one regularly extremely solid secret word that offers the client access to their entire secret phrase stockpiling [1] . Sometimes, secret key directors store these passwords inside the client's neighborhood PC regularly alluded to as disconnected secret key supervisors , while some store passwords inside the suppliers cloud named as online passwords . In any case, disconnected secret phrase administrators likewise give stockpiling of information inside the client's very own cloud accounts instead of the cloud. While the principle point of a secret phrase director is to safely be careful tremendous assortments of passwords, most offer auxiliary highlights like passwords and fo r m filling. How secret key administrators work Secret key administrators have one principal work. They store and review all client passwords so they could spare its clients from doing as such. It stores all close to home data and client passwords in a scrambled arrangement which shields private information from digital lawbreakers that have physical access to the nearby gadget [4] . Secret word administrator stores passwords in either a concentrated stockpiling or a decentralized stockpiling. Concentrated capacity incorporate the utilization of the cloud or an organized server condition where a space server gets capable of dealing with all the passwords. The threats to this is each time a client overlooks his/her secret word it will require some investment to recover it because of hierarchical administrations. A decentralized methodology then again includes the administration of passwords under various areas, for example, client neighborhood machines or at departmental levels. This makes it simple for clients to recover their pas swords. The peril with this methodology is that presentation to passwords spillage or bargain is high and probably won't be handily distinguished if the aggressor lies inside. Classifications of secret phrase administrators There are four fundamental classes of secret phrase administrators to be specific independent secret key chief, reward include inside other programming, online secret word supervisor lastly secret phrase directors utilizing inserted security equipment. The reward include inside programming resemble internet browsers, working frameworks, and antivirus programming which accompany secret phrase supervisors. The independent secret phrase administrators , were the most punctual class of secret key directors and isn't connected to any auxiliary programming. This is fundamentally appropriate in situations where all your figuring is done on one PC that isn't shared. There are likewise online secret phrase administrators is another method of overseeing passwords, it is essentially a web application which can be utilized from any web associated gadget. It is reasonable for cases where there are a few versatile or registering gadgets with unmistakable working frameworks and you are required to recuperate all passwords from each gadget. The last class of secret phrase chiefs is utilizing inserted security equipment where some auxiliary equipment is installed inside a PC to scramble and spare information. Just people with the passkeys can approach the put away information . It is appropriate for occasions where a gadget is at high danger of burglary or physical hacking, frequently that is the circumstance if the gadget is put away inside a common office or travel with it regularly. Points of interest of secret key chiefs The advantage of secret key chief access controls is that they are efficiently incorporated in numerous product with the utilization of use programming interfaces accessible under most programming items, they needn't bother with any particular server/PC alterations and that clients comprehend the utilization of passwords as of now. In any case, secret word administrators spare individuals from the pressure of recalling a few passwords. Attempting to review a few passwords entices a client to utilize probably the least fortunate passwords which is anything but an attractive element. Second, the way that one is spared from recollecting passwords makes it conceivable to have solid attractive passwords, an extraordinary secret phrase for each and every current record. Secret phrase administrators likewise help fill naturally the usernames and passwords each time a client needs to get to any record saving money on schedule and the weight of review [2] . It is coherent for clients to commit at any rate one error with their passwords making it so modest for digital hoodlums,

Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Example

Connection Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Example Connection Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Connection Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Partner Theory, Research, and Practice: Risk-Assessments and Child Protection. The essential finish of this paper was to widen my perception and comprehension around the hypothesis, research, arrangements, and processs guiding danger appraisal assurance contriving inside kid insurance administration. People and gathering recognized as in danger , for at least one endless grounds have been the wide point of convergence of a decennary s worth of scholarly and expert perfectionists. Despite the fact that the underlying worry for all in danger individual stays, reasonable and scholarly encounters have limited the range to incorporate children younger than 12, in danger of, or directly shacking out-of-home-care courses of action ( the great beyond alluded to as consideration situations ) . Of all in danger populaces, I accept these children are the most helpless against negative outcomes in the nearby and removed hereafters. Validated charges of child maltreatment1 are liable for 80 % of child security tests, and went before out-of-home consideration plans of at any rate 90 % of the present consideration populace ( Gough, 2000 ; Wiley, 2009 ) . For a few vulnerable mature ages, I saw the demolishing impacts for those children that kid security administrations fizzled. At the point when youngster assurance laborers would portray chance evaluation outcomes, I was over and over bewildered by results, which neglected to assume from undesirable position conditions. Subsequently, I built up an inclusion in loaning factors in chance examination. To pass on the multifaceted nature of viing factors that impact hazard evaluation results, the undermentioned region gives some short foundation data about child assurance administrations and additional data around the hazard appraisal method. Foundation Canada s Child, Family, and Community Services Act ( CFCS ) ( 1996 ) , is the significant start of data that manages each state in the turn of events, mandate and execution of child assurance administrations. Ongoing corrections to the Canadian Criminal Code ( 1985 ) ,, for example, the questionable ) lawful obligation to depict suspected youngster misuse/abuse, give extra lawful rules. In British Columbia ( BC ) , the Ministry of Child and Family Development ( MCFD ) , is answerable for managing the quality and bringing of Child Protection Services. Free understandings exist between the MCFD and 24 separate Aboriginal child insurance Agencies. National estimations recommend that on some random twenty-four hours, in excess of 67 000 Canadian children ( 9.2 children per 1000 ) will populate in out-of-home consideration ( Garrison, 2004 ; Gough, 2007 ; Trocm, Tourigny, MacLaurin, A ; Fallon, 2003 ) British Columbia's part to this figure speaks to 1 % of the area's children, albeit a disproportional whole of these children are Aboriginal2. Around equivalent Numberss of females ( 48 % ) and guys ( 52 % ) live in consideration scenes with a consolidated mean period of 9.0 mature ages ( Child and Youth Officer for British Columbia, 2005 ; Connolly, 2007 ; Hardiker, Exton A ; Barker, 1991 ) . Hazard appraisal and Decision Making Out-of-home consideration situations mainly allude to family relationship consideration ( family unit part ) , encourage consideration, and private/bunch consideration establishments, autonomous or helped life establishments, and formal organization ( for example , clinics or mental wellbeing foundations ) ( Rosen 1999 ; Trocm et Al, 2003 ; Waechtera et Al, 2009 ) . Kid in short-run consideration ( expecting an enduring course of action ) comprise 40 % of this populace, and the remaining 60 % speaks to kids in since quite a while ago run consideration game plans ( lower breaking point of five continuous mature ages ) ( Fisher, Burraston, A ; Pears, 2005 ; Kelly A ; Milner, 1996 ; Solomon, 2002 ) . Research has recognized nations of significant concern related with every one of these situations, including yet non restricted to youngster abuse from wellbeing experts, seclusion, inconsistent Foster parent appearing, readiness, hapless raising achievements, negative equivalent impacts, d eviant equivalent pack, and flimsiness ( Garrison, 2004 ; Okagaki A ; Luster, 2005 ; Rosen, 1999 ; Solomon, 2002 ) . Hazard evaluation alludes to the assurance doing method of child open help laborers look intoing the potential risks related with a child s essential consideration condition ( Connolly, 2007 ; Kelly A ; Milner, 1996 ) . Commonly, these evaluations are planned to formalize claims of kid abuse ( Gilbert et al. , 2009 ; Wiley, 2009 ) . In spite of the high wagers related with every one of these outcomes, there are no commanded procedural model related with the evaluation method. This examination is a for the most part emotional supposition or rating of the disagreeableness of conceivable injury to the child ( Drury-Hudson, 1999 ) . There are three potential aftereffects of a peril examination coordinating to apparent disagreeableness of the risk and age of the child ( see Figure 1 ) . Family Development Response ( FDR ) is likely when the hazard is viewed as high, yet sensible through interventions that target grown-up practices. In the event that the peril is moderate or higher ( and the child is old bounty ) Youth Services Response might be thought of. At the point when the hazard is quick, and cuts off, the solitary accessible hotel is to get down a child assurance test. Youngster Protection: Goals Youngster insurance administrations are one way that kids s rights are authorized and maintained and to the expansion the likeliness of the child to build up the highlights ( character and conduct ) related with progress and prosperity in development. The proposed aim of child insurance is to shield kids from prompt and future injury. The point of convergence of most assurance tests is on the endeavors and capacity of wellbeing experts to gracefully a strong situation that does non jeopardize the security and prosperity of the child, and advances intellectual, physical, and enthusiastic formative technique ( Waechtera et al. , 2009 ) . Sadly, these finishes only here and there accomplished. When contrasted with non-care populace, look into tests efficiently portray kids in consideration as increasingly forceful, withdrawn and are bound to show neurotic as well as employment practices ( Chamberlain, 2003 ; Simms, Dubowitz, A ; Szilagyi, 2000 ; Rosen, 1999 ) . Also, kids in consideration are multiple times as likely ( 65 % of children in consideration ) to be determined to have at least one clinical mental health status ( for example , Oppositional Defiance Disorder, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, A ; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ) ( Three, 2001 ; Provincial Health Officer of BC, 2001 ; Wiggins, Fenichel, A ; Mann, 2007 ) . Besides, kids in consideration are endorsed increasingly pharmacological intercessions ( for example , Ritalin ) for longer periods, at higher dosages ( Vitally, 2001 ) . The expectation of this paper is to break down hypothetical and experimental help for the examples related with the hazard evaluation system and results. Connection Theory has been broadly applied inside cultural administrations examples and research. Direct notices to Attachment Theory are found all through example rules for kid assurance administrations. Connection Theory Connection Theory has customarily been viewed as the hypothetical range between youth improvement investigate and clinical cultural work designs ( McMillan, 1992 ) . The impact of Attachment Theory inside child assurance administrations is permeant to the point of being indistinguishable ( Byrne, 2005 ; Haight, Kagle, A ; Black, 2003 ) . Orchestrating to Attachment Theory, basic, formative periods in the main mature ages of life where the nature of a youngster parental figure affectionate respect relationship is significant for health advancement ( Bowlby, 1999 ; Bretherton, 1992 ) . Bowlby accepted that the basic guide of the parent-kid affectionate respect relationship was the development of an inside working hypothetical record that framed the balance for belly to-tomb types of relational practices and molded all aspects of later shaped connections ( Bacon A ; Richardson, 2001 ) . Connection Theory and Child Protection Practices: Summary of Research It is clear that Attachment Theory has applied extensive impact upon kid assurance designs ( Axford, Little, Morpeth, A ; Weyts, 2005 ; Schore A ; Schore, 2008 ) . Kid security rules regularly and explicitly notice to Attachment Theory when delineating hypothetical help for suggested designs ( Bacon A ; Richardson, 2001 ; Trevithick, 2000 ) . For representation, practicians rules suggest that when kid open help laborers react to charges of abuse, the hazard evaluation should see the way of the affectionate respect connection between a child and female parent, and equilibrate the impacts of interfering with an unafraid affectionate respect against the impacts of apparent hazard ( Harris, 2009 ; Simms et al. , 2000 ) . Reliable with cardinal tenants of Attachment Theory, the significance of familial connections is underlined all through strategies and examples, including the appearing of new parents ( for example the proposal that kid open help laborers survey new parent in footings of the connection power ) , youngster confinement discoveries, remedial help ( for example , Family engaged treatment ) , and hazard examination ( Barth, Crea, John, Thoburn, A ; Quinton, 2005 ; Lopex, 1995 ; McMillen, 1992 ) . Moderate grounds demonstrates that under explicit conditions, there is observational grounds to back up examination of affectionate respect relationship ( Axford et al. , 2005 ; Byrne, OConnor, Marvin, A ; Whelan, 2005 ) . These conditions incorporate risk evaluation influencing babies and additionally kids under two twelvemonth old enough, handiness of top notch elective consideration condition, utilization of normalized affectionate respect steps ( for example , Ainsworth s Strange Situation preliminary ) and adequate clasp av

Financial Basics Good Interest vs. Bad Interest

Financial Basics Good Interest vs. Bad Interest Financial Basics: Good Interest vs. Bad Interest Financial Basics: Good Interest vs. Bad InterestSince its  National Financial Literacy Month, were getting back to basics. Todays post covers interest: The kind that helps  and the kind that hurts.Despite its name, many people do not find “interest” particularly interesting. Which is unfortunate, because a proper knowledge of interest will make a huge difference in your financial life. That’s why we spoke to the experts to create a handy dandy guide to interest that we hope you’ll find interesting. Or, at the very least, that you’ll find compelling enough to read on your phone while sitting on the bus.Does your bus ride currently provide a helpful dose of financial advice? Well, now it can!Basic interest.Interest has been around for a very long time. Even longer than money itself!  Essentially, it’s a way for those with resources to get compensation for lending out the aforementioned resources. We give you four cows. You then use those cows to make more cows. One year lat er, you give us back five cows. As long as you still have some cows left over, we’ve both come out ahead.When you take out a loan, unless it’s from a friend or family member, you’re almost certainly going to have to pay some interest. The amount will vary, but it will be a percentage of the total loan amount, or principal. The loan may also come with additional fees, which is why it’s important to compare different loans in terms of their APRs, or Annual Percentage Rating. A loan’s APR is a measure of its total cost, including fees and interest.But you can also make interest work for you! One way to do that would be to start a bank or other lending institution. But an easier way to do that is by putting your money into an account that yields interest, as most accounts do. That’s because when you put money into a bank account, you’re actually lending money to that bank.So how can you make sure you’re always handling interest as well as possible, regardless of whether you’re paying or receiving it? Keep reading and see!Taking account.You have to put your money somewhere. Sure, you could keep it all in your pockets, but that’s just asking for trouble. And while keeping it under your mattress might be a classic, it’s almost as risky as just keeping it in your pockets.That’s why most financial advisors will recommend you keep your money in a bank account. And, as we previously mentioned, this technically means you’re lending money to the bank and will be receiving interest in return. But if you want that interest to be substantial, you’ll need to choose the right account.“If you want to maximize the interest you receive on your bank accounts, it pays to try and start with the most favorable conditions,” suggested Stephen Hart, CEO of  Cardswitcher. “Before you even start saving, make sure that your account is one that returns a high rate of interest. Shop around as much as possible, comparing deals to see which offers you a better return. Also, check the rewards that are associated with particular bank accounts, as sometimes you can find these can influence your interest rates.”Finding the right bank account isn’t your only opportunity to be a lender, however.“The best way to get the best of both sides of the interest coin is to be a lender and not a borrower,” advised Steven Nuckols, president and founder of Wealth Compass Financial (@_Wealth_Compass). “Interest rates are going to continue to rise, although slowly, and lenders will be getting paid more for their money. For most people, this means better returns on bank accounts, CDs, and new bond issues. A roundabout positive is that banks will have higher margins and will be able to offer more incentives to customers through credit card rewards, bonuses, and interest rates on products.”But you can’t always be the lender.A loan again.Unless you have a swimming pool full of cash in one of the rooms of your house, you’re probably going to have to take out to get a loan at some point. For example, every time you use a credit card, you’re technically taking out a loan. Fortunately, it’s one of the few kinds of loans you can actually avoid paying interest on at all.“If youre looking to reduce the amount of interest that you have to pay on your credit card account, one of the most effective techniques is to just ensure that you pay off the amount in full every month before the grace period ends,” urged Hart.When it comes to every other kind of loan, you’ll want to shop around to find out which options have the lowest APR. The sooner you can pay down any loan, the less you’ll have to pay in interest. You do need to be careful, however, as some loans come with a prepayment penalty that will punish early payment.If you have bad credit, youre going to find yourself stuck with  much  higher interest rates. Short-term bad credit loans and no credit check loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances often come with annual rates of 300 percent or higher! (You might have some better luck with a bad credit installment loan.)The answer to that quandary is simple: Raising your credit score will allow you to get personal loans at better rates! We’ve written about how you can improve your credit score multiple times, like here for example. (And in the meantime, a well-stocked emergency fund will help you whether any surprise bill or financial shortfall.)At the end of the day, interest is pretty simple. You want to get it, rather than having to pay it. If you are getting it, you want to get as much as possible, and if you’re paying it, you want to pay as little as possible.To learn more about how you can improve your financial situation, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousThe Debt Snowball Method Can Help You Get out of DebtSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsBuilding Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsAfter working in the financial industry for several years, Stephen Hart left his role as Chief Financial Officer at WorldPay to launch the UK’s first payment processing comparison site, Cardswitcher. Nowadays, he helps SMEs save money on their payment processing costs.Steven Nuckols is the President of  Wealth Compass Financial (@_Wealth_Compass).  An independent registered investment advisor firm specializing in financial planning and wealth management.

Elie Wiesel Reflection - 991 Words

Throughout human history, most people have endured many types of tragic experiences that have changed their way of being. For example, the Holocaust involved the Jewish community and was considered one of the most tragic life changing experiences for many. Most notably, the murderous travesties the Jewish people were subject to. Additionally, it changed our views about how the world would view the future of human history. A Holocaust survivor by the name of Elie Wiesel was involved with the horror of the Holocaust. After surviving the traumatic incidents of the Holocaust, Elie Wiesel wrote a book called, â€Å"Night†. In his book he details his experiences in what took place in the concentration camps, as well as, many other daunting memories.†¦show more content†¦I often sat with him, after services, and listened to his tales, trying to understand his grief. But all I felt was pity.†. In this scene, Moishe, one of the poorest Jewish persons in Elie’s vil lage, went door to door telling people his story trying to cross the Hungarian border and about Malaka. The village believes that he has gone crazy. In this event, Elie was caring and full of love before he went to Auschwitz. He cared about the people around him, even though they might have been crazy or had an unspoken personality, he would be there for them. Furthermore, Elie had many valuable traits before he went to the concentration camp known as Auschwitz. But throughout his time in Auschwitz, these traits started to fade off and new traits appeared. Subsequently, after Elie spent a couple weeks in Auschwitz, the largest concentration camp made by the Germans to liberate the Jewish People, new characteristic that Elie didn’t realize he had come out. In the book â€Å"Night†, on page 57 Wiesel wrote â€Å"I stepped forward. A crate! he ordered. They brought a crate. Lie down on it! On your belly I obeyed. I no longer felt anything except the lashes of the whip.†. While he was at work, the Kommandos came and called roll call, made a short speech, called Elie to come forward, then they beat him. In this scene, we can see that Elie starts to become more afraid of the SS officers and anxious to get the beating over with. Also, in the book â€Å"Night†, on page 65 Wiesel addsShow MoreRelatedElie Wiesel Reflection867 Words   |  4 Pagesan American tank standing at the entrance of the gates. This young boy was Elie Wiesel, a survivor of the gruesome events that occurred in concentration camps during WWII. E lie shares a chilling memoir about his experience in his book Night. Throughout the novel, Elie and other Jewish inmates constantly used their families as their primary motive to overcome hardships even while being challenged by tough circumstances. Elie mentions several times throughout the novel that he overcame trials by havingRead MoreElie Wiesel Reflection804 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by Elie Wiesel is a novel where the author speaks on the events of his life, and the many different jewish concentration camps he was jailed in. Wiesel talks a lot about God, and he questions why he should even worship him because he believed that God was not helping him and his family through their misery. He also talked about the high number of deaths each day, and the all the hardships that the people in concentration camps went through, including himself. Furthermore, Wiesel talked aboutRead MoreElie Wiesel Night Reflection1035 Words   |  5 Pages The Holocaust is known for its vast dehumanization; nevertheless, history does not acknowledge the faith destroyed as a result. Elie Wiesel, a Nobel Peace Prize winner and author of the memoir Night, recounts his experiences telling his own story of faith being taken away from him. Wie sel, like many other Jews of this time, was taken from his home to Nazi-controlled concentration camps. Before his deportation, Wiesel’s faith used to be an eminent aspect of his life, describing himself as a childRead MoreElie Wiesel Night Reflection794 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel was born in the Romanian town of Sighet. His parents came from Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish families. Both of hi parents died in the Nazi concentration camps, as did his younger sister; his two elder sister survived. After the war, Wiesel went an Orphanage in France, studies at the Sorbonne, and became a journalist. The name of the book is call the Night. It were written in the 1955-1958. It also were written from South America, France. The book was published in Argentina, France. TheRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Holocaust1203 Words   |  5 Pagespreventing it. Elie Wiesel’s fulfilled his purpose of showing the heinous crimes of the Holocaust through the change of characterization of Elie before, during and after the events of Wiesel s 1940 memoir-Night. The Holocaust is remembered as a stain on history, where a massive genocide occurred. but we must also recognize the souls and personalities that were killed and burned. Wiesel trembling hands picked up these ashes, personifying their ebony remains into a young child-Elie. For every soulRead MoreThe Inhumane Treatment Of The Holocaust1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthese people being Jewish. Not only were millions murdered, but hundreds of thousands who survived the concentration camps were forever scarred by the dehumanizing events that they saw, committed, and lived through. In the novel â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel, Wiesel recounts the spine-chillingly horrific events of the Holocaust that affected him first-hand, in an attempt to make the reality of the Holocaust clear and understandable to those who could not believe it. What was arguably one of the worst punishmentsRead MoreNight And Dawn : The End And The Beginning Of A Day1667 Words   |  7 Pagesof a day. Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor, noted author and recipient of the Noble Peace Prize, writes of both the darkness of the Holocaust and of the dawn of its ending. While Night is Wiesel’s autobiographical tale of his experiences during the Holocaust, both in his hometown and in the co ncentration camps, Dawn is a fictional tale of Elisha, an eighteen-year-old Holocaust survivor, who has joined the Jewish Resistance movement in Palestine. Both are stories of survival. While Wiesel details hisRead MoreThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 PagesSix million Jews were killed during the Holocaust. The Jews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionallyRead MoreThe Writing Style of Elie Wiesel Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Writing Style of Elie Wiesel In the memoir Night, Elie Wiesel uses a distinct writing style to relate to his readers what emotions he experienced and how he changed while in the concentration camps of Buna, during the Holocaust. He uses techniques like irony, contrast, and an unrealistic way of describing what happens to accomplish this. By applying these techniques, Wiesel projects a tone of bitterness, confusion and grief into his story. Through his writing Wiesel gives us a window intoRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1476 Words   |  6 PagesIn Night, by Elie Wiesel, one man tells his story of how he survived his terrible experience during the Holocaust. Wiesel takes you on a journey through his â€Å"night† of the Holocaust, and how he survived the world’s deadliest place, Auschwitz-Birkenau. Elie Wiesel will captivate you on his earth shattering journey through his endless night. Elie Wiesel’s book Night forces you to open your eyes to the real world by using; irony, diction, and rep etition to prove that man does have the capability to

The Resurrection Of Jesus Christ - 1168 Words

The resurrection of Jesus Christ is one of the most debated issues throughout history. Christians place their trust in a resurrected Christ for salvation and a promise of eternal life. If the resurrection never happened, Christianity is a lie and people have been mislead for generations. On the other hand if the resurrection is true, Christianity is true also. This issue is of extreme importance because one’s soul is at stake. If all the claims that Christians make for the resurrection are true, the evidence for these claims must be examined. Equally important, are the claims against the resurrection; they too need to be looked at with careful consideration. Because so much is at stake, the question must be answered: Is the†¦show more content†¦Gary Habermas in The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus calls this the minimal facts approach. â€Å"The minimal facts approach considers only the data that meets two criteria: 1. The data are strongly evidenced 2. The da ta are granted by virtually all scholars on the subject, even the skeptical ones.† On the basis of this approach, four different arguments will be examined for the resurrection of Christ in this paper. The Empty Tomb Only a few explanations can explain the empty tomb: A stolen body, an earthquake, or the actual resurrection. Some believe that the disciples stole the body of Jesus. This is recorded in the book a Matthew. A claim that the Jews made in an attempt to explain the resurrection. If this were true there entire faith would have been a lie. All of Jesus Disciples died for what they believed in which includes the resurrection. This would mean that the disciples died for something they made up In Matthew 28:2 there is a recording of an earthquake when an angel of the Lord roll away the stone from the entrance of the tomb. Some will argue that the earthquake buried the body of Jesus under the rubble, thus having an appearance of an empty tomb. This claim does not explain Jesus appearing to Mary right after this event. Also, if the body of Jesus was just buried under rubble it could still be available for examination. After exulting

Case Study on Cost Efficiency Free Essays

Introduction It is not easy to compete in the market today. Rising prices, shifting fuel rates, global competition, varying labor rates around the world, and spiraling health insurance costs have made cost control a moving target. Sometimes it seems that a company gets one set of expenses under control, and in the meantime, another area of the company begins experiencing cost overruns. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study on Cost Efficiency or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a never ending battle to maintain company profitability. The importance of cost efficiency programs within a company cannot be overstated. Companies that are losing money, need to increase profits, or must become more competitive need to cut expenses in order to succeed. Knowing how to implement effective cost reduction strategies can be the determining factor in the survival of a business. Every organization strives to reduce cost and accomplishment of work at minimum resources to gain maximum output and financial performance. Cost efficiency is a measure of the level of resources used to create a given level of product value. How much resources are being used to create an optimum and defined level of outcomes need to work out to determine the cost of resources and cost of ultimate output it brings in existence. Company can offer lower price product for its customer benefits or can provide more features for the same price of product. While allocating Budget Company would like to maintain same level of service provisions and quality but at reduced cost and try to earn profit as much as it can. Objectives of the subject †¢ To study the concept of cost efficiency. †¢ To study importance cost efficiency. To study consequences of cost inefficiency. †¢ To study the case study on cost efficiency with reference to Google purchase Motorola mobility. Research methodology The information for the present study is collected through secondary sources i. e. from books, journal, magazines, internet, etc. Limitation of the study- The information for the present study is collected through secondary source no primary source is used. Organization’s Profile Google History of Google Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California. While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships between websites. They called this new technology Page Rank, where a website’s relevance was determined by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site. A small search engine called â€Å"Rank Dex† from IDD Information Services designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking. The technology in Rank Dex would be patented and used later when Li founded Baidu in China. Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine â€Å"Back Rub†, because the system checked back links to estimate the importance of a site. Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word â€Å"googol†, the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine wants to provide large quantities of information for people. Originally, Google ran under the Stanford University website, with the domains google. stanford. edu and z. stanford. edu. The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997 and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in a friend’s garage in California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed 1 billion for the first time, an 8. 4 percent increase from May 2010 (931 million). Mission of Google Google Inc. s an American multinational corporation which provides Internet-related products and services, including Internet search, cloud computing, software and advertising technologies. Advertising revenues from Ad Words generate almost all of the company’s profits. Google is a global technology leader which focuses on improving the ways people connect with information relative to the industry Internet and Computer software. The company mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Its product lines include Search Advertising, Display Advertising, Mobile Advertising, Tools for Publishers, Local, and Enterprise. Google has became one of the most recognized brand in the world and achieved Market Share of 65. 5% (May 2011) in Search Engine Business. Google became the 4th largest technology company in USA. Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond the company’s core web search engine. The company offers online productivity software including email, an office suite, and social networking. Google’s products extend to the desktop as well, with applications for web browsing, organizing editing photos, and instant messaging. Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, as well as the Google Chrome OS browser-only operating system, found on specialized net books called Chrome books. Google has been estimated to run over one million servers in data centers around the world and process over one billion search requests and about twenty-four peta bytes of user-generated data every day. As of September 2009 Alexa listed the main U. S. focused google. com site as the Internet’s most visited website, and numerous international Google sites as being in the top hundred, as well as several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube, Blogger and Orkut. Google also ranks number two in the BrandZ brand equity database. The dominant market position of Google’s services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyrigh t, and censorship. Google’s Organizational Structure According to Fortune and All Business magazines, Google is the fourth-most admired company in the United States. Google was also listed as the top company to work for in both 2007 and 2008. The main reason for this employee admiration is Google’s cross-functional organizational structure, which the company maintains though stellar leadership and innovative management techniques. Motorola History of Motorola Paul V. Galvin and his brother, Joseph E. Galvin, purchase a battery eliminator business in Chicago. In September 1928 they named the company Galvin Manufacturing Corporation. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation’s first product they develop is a battery eliminator which allows electronic devices to run on electricity rather than batter. The name Motorola was given to Galvin’s first car stereo. ‘Motor’ stands for car and ‘ola’ stands for sound. From 1936 onwards, Galvin production lines dominate by manufacturing radios for cars and receivers up to 1947 where they produce their first television and the company name changes from Galvin Manufacturing Corporation to Motorola but then continue manufacturing communications mediums. In 1967, Motorola expands into the following countries: Australia, Canada, France, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and West Germany. In 1969, Motorola starts to supply the National American Space Agency (NASA) with radio equipment so astronauhts can communicate with their Earthly bases. The first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong communicated with Earth whilst on the Moon using a Motorola Radio. In 2000 Motorola and General Instrument Corporation merged to enhance their services and in 2001 Motorola introduces the Motorola v60 phone the world first metal mobile phone which is available on the cellular networks GSM, TDMA and CDMA. In 2002 Motorola developed released a GPS chip that could be installed into consumer electronics to enable location positioning. Also Motorola released a 3G which is transmitted over CDMA network. Finally, Motorola releases the Cross-Technology PoC product line that enables subscribers to have â€Å"push-to-talk† connectivity across and between GPRS, CDMA2000 1X, and WiFi networks and Motorola releases Ojo Personal Video Phone. Ojo promises broadband connectivity and a video phone that doesn’t break up which is commonly known with video phones. Mission of Motorola Motorola wants to make phone chargers to strap onto millions of owners’ bikes in emerging nations because mobile phones are often the only type of phone they own. For many people in those countries, he said, a mobile phone is often the first interaction with a computer or the Internet. Globally and locally, Motorola’s mission is to make everything mobile: communication, music, photos, Internet, television. And especially putting content wherever customers want it. Chris White from Motorola’s multimedia experience department discussed what Zander called the two biggest customer frustrations: getting music onto a mobile phone and getting pictures off of it. Motorola has partnered with Microsoft to bring DRM technology to its phones. Users will be able to download music from a variety of online music stores into Windows Media Player. Songs can then be dragged, dropped and synched with the phone. In regard to photos, Motorola’s new Rizr Z6 phone will have a 2-megapixel camera whose pictures can be sent wirelessly over Bluetooth to a Kodak EasyShare printer. Organizational structure of Motorola The company adopts a more flat organizational structure compared to Nokia and Ericsson and grants more authority to the second level management. Within divisions, the Vice Presidents of the respective segments are authorized to adopt the ideal organizational pattern as an example, matrix approach for new product development divisions/departments, whereas a line or staff structure for production area. The company favors interdepartmental and cross functional teaming of employees and also adopts employee empowerments schemes to make good the lacunae in organizational structure, caused due to centralization of functions. The flat organization of Motorola enables the implementations of management decisions at a faster rate. Concept of cost efficiency Definition of cost efficiency â€Å"Efficiency is the ratio of output to input. A system is cost efficient if, relative to another system, its output cost less per unit of input. A system increases its cost efficiency when it maintains output with less than proportionate increase in input. Efficiency is divided into 2 parts, they are- allocative efficiency and x-efficiency. Allocative efficiency is concerned with the allocation of given resources between alternative uses in ways that maximize social welfare. X-efficiency is concerned with producing more output without any change in the allocation of inputs. It therefore focuses on inefficiencies such as overstaffing and managerial waste†. The act of saving money by making a product or performing an activity in a better way is nothing but cost efficiency. Cost efficiency is a concept which is concerned with comparing different ways of achieving the same objective such that the most cost-effective choice will be the least costly of the alternatives being compared. Cost efficiency takes into account not only the price, but other factors too. Cost efficiency is more expensive at first but in the long run it will save money. This cost efficiency refers to the use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and services. In accountancy, the cost is said more efficient than another (in relative terms) if it can provide more goods and services for society without using more resources. In absolute terms, a situation can be called efficient if: †¢ No additional output can be obtained without increasing the amount of inputs. †¢ Production proceeds at the lowest possible per-unit cost. These definitions of efficiency are not exactly equivalent, but they are all encompassed by the idea that a system is efficient if nothing more can be achieved given the resources available. The term cost efficiency is a situation in which an organization maximizes benefit and profit, while minimizing effort and expenditure. Maximization of efficiency is a balance between two extremes. Managed correctly, it reduces costs, waste, and duplication. The greater the efficiency, the more successful organization becomes. The organizations today attempt to be more customer-responsive than efficient in this sense, and the notion of such an ordered and impersonal efficiency has lost favor in an era when creativity and innovation are valued as a competitive advantage. A goal of media marketing that is aimed at minimizing advertising expenses incurred while maximizing product publicity to a target market in terms of breadth and frequency of exposure. Maximizing cost efficiency in a marketing campaign is highly desirable for a business since the greatest product exposure is achieved for the least amount of financial investment. Importance of cost efficiency The importance of cost efficiency programs within a company cannot be overstated. Companies that are losing money, need to increase profits, or must become more competitive need to cut expenses in order to succeed. Knowing how to implement effective cost reduction strategies can be the determining factor in the survival of a business. Keeping a Competitive Advantage A good manager understands the importance of cost reduction to the health of a company. Bloated expense accounts can eat up profits quickly. A cost efficiency plan is one that focuses on lowering costs in every business activity. The activities vary by type of business but the concept of cost reduction and its efficiency does not vary. The importance of cost reduction and efficiency plans is related to the most common reasons why expenses must be cut in a business. †¢ Need for increased profits †¢ Improved competitive standing †¢ Preserve company resources †¢ Reduce waste †¢ Improved productivity It is not easy to compete in the market today. Rising prices, shifting fuel rates, global competition, varying labor rates around the world, and spiraling health insurance costs have made cost control a moving target. Sometimes it seems that a company gets one set of expenses under control, and in the meantime, another area of the company begins experiencing cost overruns. It is a never ending battle to maintain company profitability. Cost efficiency can be achieved utilizing different approaches. A company can: †¢ Reduce existing expenses †¢ Eliminate unnecessary expenses Modify business strategies which affect the types of business expenses †¢ Replace higher expenses with lower expenses for same items The importance of cost efficiency strategies cannot be understated, especially when a company is struggling to maintain profitability. Areas that can be reviewed for expense reductions include the following. †¢ Telecommunications †¢ Leases †¢ Materials †¢ Office supplies †¢ Maintenance costs †¢ Rent †¢ Utilities When a company must generate more cash as fast as possible, management will have to decide which costs can be most effectively reduced. If the reduction is needed quickly, expenses cut first will normally be those that are not fixed or directly tied to production. It is not a good idea to drastically reduce expenses that produce the company product or service without careful evaluation. If your company understands the importance of cost efficiency as a tool to increase profitability, the company will have a much better chance of remaining profitable no matter what stage of the economic cycle is occurring. That is because cost efficiency is an effective tool that can be responsive to a company’s need. Managing expenses is just as important as managing revenue. A regular review of costs can prevent a company from wasting money resulting from ‘bad habits’. No matter whether it is good times or bad, the importance of cost efficiency strategies never changes. Consequences of cost inefficiencies The theory of inefficiency states that the distribution of resources between alternatives does not fit with consumer taste (perceptions of costs and benefits). For example, a company may have the lowest costs in â€Å"productive† terms, but the result may be inefficient in allocative terms because the â€Å"true† or social cost exceeds the price that consumers are willing to pay for an extra unit of the product. This is true, for example, if the firm produces pollution (see also external cost). Consumers would prefer that the firm and its competitors produce less of the product and charge a higher price, to internalize the external cost. Cost plays an important role in running of the business. Unfortunately, a business or a firm or an organization faces many problems due to improper use of cash held with them. In other word, it is also said as facing the consequences of cost inefficiency. Organizations have different range of problems than their larger counterparts, due to their inability to enjoy some of the same advantages in the marketplace. Most of these problems are due to revenue and cash-on-hand availability when the bills come due. But confronting these obstacles before they become a headache can help you to prevent them from becoming a major issue for your company through the study of cost efficiency. Following are the consequences faced by an organization:- Cash Flow The most important issue to any small business entrepreneur is cash flow. It does not help a small business to have a profitable upcoming quarter already signed on the dotted line, if the payroll for this Friday does not have sufficient funds to pay your employees. Businesses which book revenue in advance, but do not realize the income for a period of months afterwards, must be especially careful with this timing. The future ledger may be showing nothing but green, but if the cash-on-hand dips into the red, a crisis may be coming sooner than your revenue can forestall it. Maintain lines of credit sufficient to keep your cash flow healthy as necessary, and keep a rainy day account if possible. Unforeseen Expenses Start-up companies and small businesses frequently run close to the bone and may be profitable only so long as unplanned events never occur. A retail store which clears $150,000 per year after expenses may seem to be in good shape, until a slip-and-fall lawsuit against the store awards the plaintiff $1. 3 million and there is no insurance coverage. Even smaller expenses, such as a one-time government levy on all businesses in a region, or a rise in the cost of goods, can cause a major change in the bottom line. Use your available credit when you need to tide over your short-term cash crunch, but keep a close eye on your long-term profitability to ensure that your overall liquidity is not threatened by the change in costs. Catastrophic Change A large corporation will probably survive the loss of a key executive to a debilitating injury or death, but these things frequently close small businesses when that person represents a large chunk of the available labor force–especially when the entrepreneur herself is that person. Likewise, a natural disaster or other major disruption can close a business for weeks or months. Whenever possible, have cash on hand and business policies to ensure that you will be able to reopen as soon as possible, or wether the temporary loss of a key employee, and then check your business plan to see if any of your prior assumptions have been changed by the new circumstances Once the organization identifies the sources of waste, and how much it is costing business, it should look at the most cost-effective way to reduce it. It’s a good idea to focus initially on quick wins – things you can do immediately that will reduce waste almost instantly. You might also want to consider uick fixes – putting in place a temporary solution to a problem to give you time to design a more permanent answer. It is essential to give priority to cost improvements, as making a change to eliminate a problem might not always be cost-effective. The main focus should be on dealing with those problems which are most costly to the business because it will have the biggest impact on your profits. A case study Google purchase Motorola mobility About the Deal The Google, online giant on 15 August, 2011 made an announcement to buy Motorola Mobility, a maker of handsets and other electronic devices. Google Management Agreed to buy Motorola Mobility for $ 12. 5 billion. This is the largest  Ã‚  Ã‚   surprising acquisition by Google paying a premium of 63% to the 12th August, 2011 closing price ($40. 00 per share) of Motorola Mobility. The deal not only treated as a surprise, it will have a big impact on the mobile industry too. Motorola shareholders will get $40 a share in cash, the companies said in a statement today. That’s 63 percent more than Motorola Mobility’s closing price on the New York Stock Exchange on Aug. 12. Both boards have approved the takeover. This is a Vertical Merger (which companies at different places in a chain of products join together). Here, Hardware Client (Motorola) acquired by the Software Client (Google) Google expects to complete the transaction by early 2012. As recently as March, the deal was slowed to a crawl when the Chinese government expanded its investigation of the purchase. China finally cleared the deal this past weekend. Google had received approval for the deal from both the U. S. Department of Justice and the European Commission in February. The purchase also was approved by officials in Israel and Taiwan, leaving China as the last holdout. The purchase will help Google defend itself against various patent infringement lawsuits over the Android operating system, since Motorola has one of the smart-phone industry’s largest patent libraries. Page also hailed the purchase as something that will allow Google to gain a bigger foothold in the mobile market. A Google phone running Android could be very marketable not only to consumers but to IT departments that need to outfit workers with mobile devices. Basically, owning both the handset hardware and the operating system could be a powerful combination that could drive Android adoption. Google has been working to expand its business into other hardware ventures. With Motorola, Google may be better able to push its way into the home entertainment market with its Google TV platform. In addition to being a world-renowned smart-phone maker, Motorola also is a major player in the home set-top box sector. Why Google plans to buy Motorola mobility? â€Å"Google is moving into hardware, which is very different from what they’ve done all along,† said Darren Hayes, a computer science professor at Pace University. â€Å"It’s very difficult for a company to be able to be a successful software and hardware company. It worked for Apple to be in the hardware and software industries, but not all companies have been that successful. † Google’s move toward Apple’s close management of software and hardware signals a departure from its previous path and suggests Google may be dissatisfied with its current software licensing arrangements, which have led to the proliferation, but also fragmentation, of its Android mobile operating system. â€Å"Google is moving into hardware, which is very different from what they’ve done all along,† said Darren Hayes, a computer science professor at Pace University. It’s very difficult for a company to be able to be a successful software and hardware company. It worked for Apple to be in the hardware and software industries, but not all companies have been that successful. † Google’s move toward Apple’s close management of software and hardware signals a departure from its previous path and suggests Google ma y be dissatisfied with its current software licensing arrangements, which have led to the proliferation, but also fragmentation, of its Android mobile operating system. Most directly, the deal marks a defensive maneuver in the high-stakes patent war that has pitted the world’s largest technology companies against one another in dozens of drawn-out intellectual property (IP) disputes. Google CEO Larry Page framed the acquisition as a means to protect Google’s Android mobile operating system against â€Å"anti-competitive threats† by shoring up his company’s arsenal of patents. Analysts agree that Motorola’s 17,000 patents and 7,500 patent applications are a major win for Google, which lacks a robust portfolio of wireless patents relative to more established players and has been vulnerable to lawsuits from the likes of Apple, Microsoft and Oracle. Over forty lawsuits have been filed against Android, and ongoing patent disputes threaten to impose licensing fees on the software Google has given away to phone manufacturers for free, potentially jeopardizing Android’s explosive growth. Google is a relatively new entrant in the mobile space and does not have a lot of mobile IP, so anything it can do to build up its IP in the wireless space will help reduce potential risk to the company from lawsuits in the future,† said Ovum analyst Nick Dillon. â€Å"If you look at Motorola’s history and role in pioneering mobile communications from the very start, you’ll see they have some really key patents that will be useful to Google. â⠂¬  Yet patents are only part of the story, experts say. The acquisition suggests that Google sees itself as unable to adequately compete in the mobility market without its own handset manufacturer. Google’s bet is that having greater control over smartphone software and hardware will help it move beyond the desktop and beyond search. Owning Motorola will allow Google, more than ever before, to create mobile devices that satisfy the web giant’s vision for what cellphones and tablets should be able to do. A new breed of Motorola smart-phones could be designed from the ground up to integrate Google products at every turn, from featuring the Google-plus social network to adding near field communication chips that allow cell-phones to be substituted for credit cards via Google Wallet. Fundamentally, Motorola offers Google a bridge from the digital to the physical world, and with it, a means of gaining valuable information about its users, such as their locations or what applications they use the most. Though Google said that it will continue to license its Android software, its mobile strategy will cease being at the mercy of third-party handset manufacturers like HTC and Samsung. Instead, Google will able to dictate the price, distribution and features of its own line of devices. Google also stands to bolster its efforts to gain inroads into the living room by preading to TVs. Google TV, which was unveiled lat year but was unable to gain much traction, may stand a better chance when paired with Motorola’s set-top box offerings. Until now, Google has been essentially hands off when it comes to hardware: it has offered its Android software to manufacturers at zero cost, without a having a say in the form of the phones Android will power. This disruptive and unorthodox strategy has allowed Google to gain enormous market share in very little time, overtaking Apple to claim 48 percent of the global smart-phone market, according to Canalys. To some extent, quality has been sacrificed for quantity as Android has expanded to more than 150 million devices made by more than thirty different manufacturers. Google frequently updates its Android software, but app developers, manufacturers and carriers are not always able to keep up, resulting in a proliferation of different versions of the Android operating system offering a range of experiences for users. Depending on Google’s relationship with the handset manufacturer, or the manufacturer’s approach to upgrades, a consumer could purchase a smart-phone running outdated software, straight out of the box. Not all Android apps perform equally on different versions of the software, an issue that has been a source of frustration for users and developers alike. Google’s new approach — controlling the smart-phone experience from end-to-end — mirrors the vertical-integration strategy Apple has pursed with spectacular success, but one that has lately been a bust for the likes of Nokia and Research in Motion. Nokia, for example, recently ceded its top spot as the world’s largest smart-phone vendor to Apple and announced it would retire its Symbian operating system in favor of Microsoft’s Windows Phone software. Google is staking billions on its ability to successfully control both the software and hardware components of its company’s devices — all while not alienating its partners, who have been instrumental in Android’s rise and with whom Google will directly compete once the Motorola acquisition is complete. â€Å"Google has had history of picking favorites, but it’s never directly competed with manufacturers,† said Ovum analyst Dillon. â€Å"Manufacturers have come out with statements of support. But what’s said in public in one thing, and what’s said behind closed doors is another. Benefits of the deal †¢ Google and Motorola Mobility together will accelerate innovation and choice in mobile computing. Consumers will get better phones at lower prices. †¢ Motorola Mobility’s patent portfolio will help protect the Android ecosystem. Android, which is open-source software, is vital to competition in the mobile device space, e nsuring hardware manufacturers, mobile phone carriers, applications developers and consumers all have choice. †¢ The purchase of Motorola Mobility by Google has excited some technophiles and alarmed others. The first point of concern, at least from the customer’s perspective, is whether or not Motorola’s Android smart-phone platform would become the exclusive domain of Google customers. The acquisition certainly puts Android operating systems on better footing as they compete against Apple’s iPhone, and with Google’s capital resources, more money is sure to pour into Android technology. Following are some reasons why the Google-Motorola deal makes sense: Integration may be all that matters in the wireless industry. Apple’s hardware-software-ecosystem business model brings better profit margins, can grab market share and seems to delight consumers. Google’s Android effort could be a bit like herding cats. The larger question is whether the vertically integrated model is the only one that works in the wireless industry. Google lands its patent treasure trove. If you consider that Google was going to pay nearly $4 billion for Nortel’s 6,000 wireless patents, $12. 5 billion for Motorola Mobility doesn’t look like a big chunk of change. With Motorola Mobility’s patents, Google can fend off lawsuits. In other words, Google builds out its patent portfolio. On a conference call, Page called out patents as a big reason for the Motorola Mobility acquisition. Google gets a TV play. While Google’s Motorola acquisition primarily revolves around wireless devices, there’s a significant living room play here. Why? Motorola Mobility has a significant set-top box business. In the cable box world, there are two players: Cisco and Motorola Mobility, which is the leader. Google will get significant relationships with cable providers and give Android more of a foothold. There’s a good chance that Google can keep hardware partners in the fold—for now. Page reiterated that Google will keep Android open source and work with partners such as HTC and Samsung. Also keep in mind that this Google-Motorola deal could win it some goodwill with hardware partners. Motorola was thinking about suing other Android hardware makers over patents. Google’s acquisition would put an end to that. The deal forces Microsoft’s hand. When it comes to the art of war, Google and Motorola force Microsoft’s hand a bit. With the Google-Motorola deal, Page is basically acknowledging that there’s no money in third-party operating systems in the mobile space. The upshot: Mobile software players need a hardware component. As a result, Microsoft may be forced to acquire a hardware player. Research in Motion and Nokia are prime takeover candidates. In any case, Microsoft will be distracted by a big acquisition. And Android boxes in Nokia and RIM. With Motorola, which has some enterprise credibility and Android innovations, Google can enter the enterprise easier. As a result, RIM increasingly looks like the odd man out. Nokia is already under fire as it waits for Windows Phone 7 to gain traction. RIM is betting on QNX as an operating system. Google is indicating that the wireless market is a two-platform race. And those two horses are going to be Android and iOS. Challenges of the deal: Google acquisitions may lead to serious channel conflict, it will lead to a direct competition with other hardware partners like Samsung, HTC etc. , and the hardware manufacturing is a very different area with  Google’s core business. The deal raises the following major challenges 1. HTC  and Samsung, two of the leading  Android-based smart-phone makers, feel about the fact that their â€Å"partner†Ã‚  Google  is now competing directly with them for hardware sales. 2. Need to change the perceptions of the Investors that are not perceived the deal in a positive way. 3. Management Cultures of Software and hardware companies are almost different it is one of the challenge for the Google while framing the policies that would not reach to management destructions or management failures 4. By this Acquisition Google employee strength would increase by 19000 which eventually decrease the profits of the business. It’s question to the management in effective utilization of man power in value generation. Valuation of the Deal |Swap ratio determination using market value method | |Particulars |Google Motorola | |Market capital |1,71,94,00,00,000 |11,21,00,00,000 | |Equity |46,24,10,00,000 |1,73,20,00,000 | |Market capitalization of the merged entity |1,83,15,00,00,000 | |Share of google |93. 8% | | |Share of mmi | |6. 12% | |Post merger equity of google | |49,25,57,81,959 | |Post merger equity of mmi | |3,01,47,81,959 | |Hence, 1 equity share of google is equal to | |11. 6019003 | |11. 56 of mmi | | | |Market price at the time of deal (august 12) |563. 77 |24. 47 | |Additional premium paid to mmi |280. 8921499 |49. 82% | By this Market Valuation Method this deal is Viable for Google at a premium of 50% Why is Google willing to pay a 63% premium? Google is expecting the following benefits from MMI by this Acquisition. Operational Benefits †¢ Google can Access all the product lines of MMI cell phone, set-top boxes and tablet which are having a very good market share Android software has made considerable inroads in the smartphone market with 150 million devices and 550,000 activations a day. †¢ Now, Google can compete with Global Leader like APPLE in future in hardware and software industry Accounting Benefits †¢ Tax benefit:   Acquiring loss making company by a profit making company Google can make a tax advantage each year till 2019 can utilize the losses. Synergy Expectations: Fragmentation and a Better The Android market is currently heavily fragmented but the developers facing problem for designing the applications by this synergy Google will solve this problem by building a better Android OS with a lot of applications. Diversification and Google Vallet: Despite being a little over a decade old Google maintained the same portfolio now this deal brings new business focus hardware products, mobile computing. Invasion of Living Room The Google TV user interface that was launched earlier in May, 2011and Motorola is a strong player in the set-top box and home devices market this bid can expand presence of Google TV products into the living room. Patent The mobile computing industry has become a hotbed for patent disputes and thrust in the patent war. Google having about 1,000-odd patents this acquisition gives access to more than 17,000 patents and 7,000 pending patents held by Motorola. Google will now be able to successfully defend itself against a barrage of patent lawsuits filed by Apple, Microsoft and other rivals Hardware and Software synergy (Vertical Integration): This results in product efficiency and cost efficiency. Apple secret to become No. 1 Technology Company Integrating hardware and software and the results are iPhone, iPad, and iPod – devices that have become leaders in their respective market segments. Views about the Deal Management View: †¢ Larry Page, CEO of Google, said, â€Å"I look forward to welcoming Motorolans to our family of Googlers. † †¢ Mr. Page said I was â€Å"confident this deal will be approved† by regulators it tremendously beneficial to consumers,† †¢ For consumers, Once Motorola is owned by Google the handset maker could more aggressively ncorporate a technology called Near Field Communications (NFC) that is used for mobile payments and is supported by a version of Google’s Android called Gingerbread. †¢ Investors Perception about the Deal †¢ Google: This Adventurous move in entirely different kind of business, one that could destroy its partnerships (and margins) in one of its most important new Business Lines. Early Investors not perceived the deal in a positive way it results Google stock has gotten smacked in the pre-market. Another fact that could be worrying investors is that the Google-Motorola deal includes a $2. billion reverse break-up fee. †¢ MMI: The Internal Intention of MMI to get separated from its parent company is to get out in a better price and by showing its market growth among its products it got a chance to exit in a premium price leads to huge hike in the stock prices. The official SEC report outlines how Google bid against themselves and paid $4 billion more than the initial high-end target for bidding. The Self-Bidding War In July, Google started by floating the idea of buying Motorola for a high-$20s, low-$30s (per share) figure. On August 1st, an official bid of $30. 0 per share was made. Over the course of the next week and a half, however, Google would make two additional bids – $37. 00 and $ 40. 00 per share – representing a full 33 percent increase from their initial offer, or $4 billion extra in total spent. How did Google get into a bidding war when no one else was bidding? It started before Google even made its initial offer. Google’s Andy Rubin first approached Motorola in July, looking to purchase the company’s patent portfolio. This attempt to expand mobile patent assets stemmed from a failed attempt to acquire Nortel’s patent portfolio in April. However, Motorola CEO Sanjay Jha indicated that â€Å"that it could be problematic for Motorola Mobility to continue as a stand-alone entity if it sold a large portion of its patent portfolio,† according to the SEC filing. This prompted Google to look at buying the whole company rather than just its patents. Google then floated a low-$30s bid as an initial cap. On August 1, Google â€Å"sent a letter to the Motorola Mobility Board of Directors proposing an acquisition of Motorola Mobility by Google for $30. 00 in cash per share. † Motorola has approximately 299 million shares currently, so that bid equated to $9 billion. In response, Motorola brought on Quatalyst Partners, an independent investment bank. It was a Quatalyst representative who contacted Google on August 5 and suggested a bid of $43. 50 per share – or a total bid of approximately $13 billion total, according to  the New York Times. Google upped their bid to $37. 00 per share ($11 billion), but continued to push for a fast and confidential buy. Motorola and Quatalyst leveraged Google’s intensity by declining the second bid and suggesting â€Å"a proposed price of $40. 50 or higher. † Google made the offer of $40. 00 per share, or $11. 96 billion. Added to the additional options and awards (approximately 29 million shares with alternate sources or pricing), we come to $12. 5 billion – our final figure. Did Google Overpay? From the moment the $12. 5 billion figure was released, analysts called the purchase an inflated buy, and the realization that Google’s initial cap would have been would have been closer to $9. 4 billion just affirmed that notion. After all, $40. 00 per share was a 63 percent increase when compared with Motorola’s last after-market trading value. But Google wasn’t just buying a company. More than anything, Google was buying patent protection. In the world of mobile, manufacturers are already signing patent licenses with Microsoft that cost $5 to $12 per unit, fighting battles against Apple, and Google themselves are involved in their biggest lawsuit yet with Oracle. In total, these lawsuits and licensing fees may cost Google and their partners billions of dollars, which explains why Google is willing to pay an inflated price. Google was also buying Motorola’s silence: They didn’t want to get involved in a bidding war with competitors who could then use Motorola’s patents against Android. By bidding against themselves, they removed the incentive to open the floor to public bids. It was an expensive move, but one that offered important legal protections and access to hardware technology in a key industry. Suggestions: †¢ Key factors that we feel need to implement in order to make this deal successful Google need to strengthen the following segments that creates synergy in value positioning. †¢ Management Efficiency: Focus on stretegy that make effective use of newly added 19000 manpower †¢ Patent Efficiency: First 17000 and plus remaining 7500 patents been used in new technology creation need by the market space †¢ Cost Efficiency: Strict Implementation of control mechanisms over the business. Profit Maximization: This was the ultimate objective of this acquisition if Google implemented all the strategies as per mentioned in this case it has more possibility to reduce the chances of failure of the deal. Can achieve its targeted mile stone Conclusion The concept of saving money by making a product or performing an activity in a better way i s nothing but cost efficiency. So with the help of this project we can conclude that cost efficiency helps in increasing profits of the business organization. Cost efficiency improves the standard of an organization and makes it more competitive in today’s business world. Most importantly, with the help of this theory of cost efficiency a company can preserve its resources and more obviously can use it in its future. Cost efficiency also helps in reducing wastage in organization. This leads to earning of more profit and less cost expenses. On the other hand, a business or a firm or an organization faces many problems due to improper use of cash held with them. In other word, it is also said as facing the consequences of cost inefficiency. Organizations have different range of problems than their larger counterparts, due to their inability to enjoy some of the same advantages in the marketplace. Most of these problems are due to revenue and cash-on-hand availability when the bills come due. But confronting these obstacles before they become a headache can help you to prevent them from becoming a major issue for your company through the study of cost efficiency. In case of Google purchasing Motorola mobility Huge Experts have been watching the current scenario what will be the Google’s next step, how efficiently will manage this Hardware product line. How effectively use these synergies if this synergy became successful Google will reach to the sudden highs in a short span of time can became the competitor to the Market leader Apple. Now, Google can compete with Global Leader like APPLE in future in hardware and software industry. Well, up till now Google have faced less consequences as the employees of the Google Inc. have being studying cost expenses and try to reserve its resources and patents. 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Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Essay Example

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Essay Computer Programming 2 Programming Paradigm Procedural Programming ? ? style of programming in which the programming task is broken down into a series of operations (called procedures) applied to data (or data structures) C and Pascal Object-Oriented Programming ? ? ? extension of procedural programming breaks down a programming task into a series of interactions among different entities or objects Java, C++, and Smalltalk Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 1 of 15 Computer Programming 2 Object-Oriented Programming type of programming in which programmers define not only the data structures, but also the ypes of operations (methods) that can be applied to the data structure enables programmers to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of object is added most widely used paradigm instead of focusing on what the system has to do, focus on: ? what objects the system contains ? how they interact towards solving the programming problem Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 2 of 15 1 _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Computer Programming 2 Object-Oriented Programming Illustration of OOP Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 3 of 15 Computer Programming 2 Object-Oriented Programming Advantages of OOP over conventional approaches: ? It provides a clear modular structure for programs which makes it good for defining abstract data types where implementation details are hidden and the unit has a clearly efined interface. ? It makes it easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small differences from existing ones. ? It provides a good framework for code libraries where supplied software components can be easily adapted and modified by the programmer. This is particularly useful for developing graphical user interfaces. Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 4 of 15 3 __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ 4 __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Computer Programming 2 Object-Oriented Programming Key OOP concepts: ? Objects ? Classes ? Abstraction ? Inheritance ? Encapsulation ? Polymorphism Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 5 of 15 Comput er Programming 2 Objects and Classes Objects ? ? represent â€Å"things† from the real world made up of †¢ attributes – characteristics that define an object methods – self-contained block of program code similar to procedure ? example: †¢ a car’s attributes are make, model, year, and purchase price †¢ a car’s methods are forward and backward Classes ? ? ? ? term that describes a group or collection of objects with common properties define a type of object specifies methods and data that type of object has example: †¢ Employee †¢ Car Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 6 of 15 5 _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ 6 _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ _______ ____________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Computer Programming 2 Abstraction allows a programmer to hide all but the relevant information (to the problem at hand) about an object in order to reduce complexity and increase efficiency closely related to encapsulation and information hiding Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 7 of 15 Computer Programming 2 Encapsulation refers to the hiding of data (attributes) and ethods within an object protects an object’s data from corruption protects the object’s data from arbitrary and unintended use hides the details of an object’s internal implementation from the users of an object separates how an object behaves from how it is implemented easier to modify programs since one object type is modified at a time Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 8 of 15 7 __________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________ __________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Computer Programming 2 Encapsulation Illustration of Encapsulation Change Address Change Name View Name Enroll in a Course Name Address Course GPA Drop a Course View GPA Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 9 of 15 Computer Programming 2 Inheritance the process by which objects can acquire (inherit) the properties of objects of other class provides reusability, like adding additional eatures to an existing class without modifying it Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 10 of 15 9 _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ____________ _______ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 10 ________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Computer Programming 2 Inheritance getName() etID() Name Student ID setName() setID() Student Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 11 of 15 Computer Programming 2 Polymorphism refers to the ability to process objects differently depending on their data type or class the ability to redefine methods for derived classes request for an operation can be made without knowing which specific method should be invoked Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 12 of 15 11 _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ _ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ 12 _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Computer Programming 2 Polymorphism Illustration of Polymorphism Student Application Form s. isRegistered() Car c. isRegistered() Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 13 of 15 Computer Programming 2 Abstract Classes class that is not used to create (instantiate) objects designed to act as a base class (to be inherited by other classes) esign concept in program development and provides a base upon which other classes are built can only specify members that should be implemented by all inheriting classes Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 14 of 15 13 ________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________ __________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 14 ________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Computer Programming 2 Interfaces allow you to create definitions for component interaction provide another way of implementing polymorphism specify methods that a component must implement without actually specifying how the method is implemented Introduction to OOP * Property of STI Page 15 of 15 15 _________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

Zymunt Bauman essays

Zymunt Bauman essays Zygmunt Bauman was born in Poznan, Poland in 1925. He moved to Britain with his wife Janina in the 1950's, and took up a position as Lecturer at both the University of Warsaw and the University of Tel Aviv. He held several visiting professorships before he became Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds in Yorkshire from 1972 until his retirement in 1990. Bauman is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at both the University of Leeds and University of Warsaw (www.sociologyonline.com). "He has been described by the British sociologist, Anthony Giddens as: 'the theorist of postmodernity...he has developed a position with which everyone has to reckon'" (www.sociologyonline.com). While heading the Department of Sociology at Leeds, Bauman brought great qualities of intellectual leadership. "From the start he saw his task as one of inspiring students, and among his academic colleagues promoting a collegial atmosphere in which new academic projects were welcomed and free and open discussion encouraged in an atmosphere of mutual tolerance and understanding" (www.leeds.ac.uk). Since his retirement, Bauman and his reputation has continued to benefit sociology at Leeds. Zygmunt Bauman is a prolific writer known for such works as Legislators and Interpreters (1987), Modernity and the Holocaust (1989), and Postmodern Ethics (1993). He is the author of about 21 books, two more projected for the early 2000s, and of numerous articles and reviews (www.leeds.ac.uk). In 1990, Bauman was awarded the Amalfi European Prize, followed by the Adorno Prize in 1998. "Today he is described variously as one of the twentieth century's great social theorists and the world's foremost sociologist of postmodernity" (www.leeds.ac.uk). Bauman's logic can be traced back to his upbringing in the Polish Humanist tradition, where society was culture. His most immediate teachers, Julian Hochfeld and Stanislaw Ossowski, viewed sociology as primarily a ser...

Custom Essay Service

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Espionage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Espionage - Term Paper Example It is commonly regarded as spying that entails secretly gathering of information about a competing industry or a foreign government without the holder’s consent of the information. The term can be a reference to economic, political, or business decisions. However, espionage is common to government defensive and foreign policy. Espionage is intrinsically taken for granted, and in many cases punishable by law. Generally, many associates the term with state spying for military purpose that play a crucial role in planning combat phases. The term is an old ancient craft used throughout history in various instances such as in the Bible in the book of numbers when leaders sent spies to scrutinize a country. Still, the cold war relied on intense espionage activities that helped to establish the nuclear weapons secrets. Following this, one can affirm that large corporations and governments make use of espionage to varying degrees. This paper seeks to discuss the origins of Espionage, i ts’ famous cases, targets, and various agents and techniques used to collect this information. Espionage is one of the most known activities of treason. It categorized as political crime that involves transmitting and gathering information correlated to the intent of national defence. Espionage events are well acknowledged throughout history and recorded in ancient documents such as the Bible (Buckley, 2010). In the Bible, one can trace the term in the book of Numbers when Israelites secretly surveyed the country of the Canaanites. Moses dispatched some spies from each Israelites tribe to survey the land of Canaanites for forty days. The intended purpose was to gather information about agriculture and events of the country and efficiently use this information to conquer the land. This was the land promised by God to Abraham that he would posses for future generations, Isaac. Eventually, the

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geography - Essay Example The concerned area is located at a very important place and keeps diversity for commercial and industrial base. Lansdowne Street joints the highway. The indigenous people occupy this part of the Peterborough. Metropolitan Toronto also influences this part of Peterborough. Water is the important component of the cultural and physical landscape of the census tract 05. Little lake provides the recreational opportunity to tours and local residents (Adams and Taylor, 2009). Traditional ways of travelling were used as boating. It was suggested as the important for recreation in the economy. Adams and Taylor (2009) provided the industrial outlook of the area. The Q.T.G Canada and Ventra Plastics, Sysco Food Services and Siemens are the important industries of the City Peterborough. Development in tourist, health and education industry is also increasing in the concerned area. Trent University and Sir Sand ford Fleming College are the major institutions in the area. Students from local as we ll as across the Canada and Province come here for study purposes. Adams and Taylor (2009) presented the Census tracts of Peterborough on varied cultural, shopping and recreational attractions. People move to Toronto in summer and weekends because of Kawartha lakes. People from America, Ontario also come to these Kawartha lakes in their leisure times. People use their own automobiles for travelling, but some of people use other means such as bicycling, walking and canoeing. Observation from Primary sources: The cultural heritage landscapes are those areas, which are modified by humans. The residents of the area value this modified landscape. Little lake cemetery was chartered first in Ontario that represented the special cultural heritage. Little lake is recognized as the significant place and considered as the open space because it is adjacent to parks. Little lake is Category an asset because the properties of the Little Lake are valued on provincial as well as national level. The Lansdowne Street is the important place for growing business and just away from the heart of the city Peterborough. For example, Comfort Hotel & Suites is beautifully designed that demonstrates the origin of this area in city Peterborough. The Lansdowne Street W crosses over the Little Lake and leads towards the Burnham Provincial Park. Park Street is also included in the business districts of the central area. The Park Street area is represented as the transitional and industrial conversion sub area. Natural setting and topography of the Little Lake provides space for people living in the Census Tract 5 as a fashion for the movement of rural cemetery. This area is also significant because it reflects the changing attitudes about the concept of death and cultural movement. The tract 5 is the area of residents with high-income families. People living in this area shift their spending on the needs and household. Young adults of the study area spend a higher part of their income on th e recreation merchandise, fashion and entertainment. Increase in family size and children ages, the housing, home decoration and furnishing share a greater part of the income of families. People of the concerned area replace the furniture when it is retired. Presence of colleges and other educational institutions is the crucial driver for the economic development and attracts the young people to be part of the same

Movie Review: A Time To Kill :: essays research papers

Movie Review: A Time To Kill I never read A Time To Kill by John Grisham because the book bored me. But I wonder why it did bore me because the movie was engrossing and entertaining. Maybe it is because Akiva Goldsman took out most of the boring parts. I usually love Grisham, but this book was just too slow. However, another thing that made the movie more entertaining is the actors. The movie begins with the rape scene that you have probably heard about. If you haven't, it's a quick-edited scene so it doesn't show much, but still makes your stomach churn. Jake Brigance (Matthew McConaughey) describes it graphically in his summation. Anyway, what makes the scene so shocking is that it is a 10 year old girl being raped. The two men are captured and while ascending a staircase for their preliminary trial, the girl's father, Carl Lee Hailey (Samuel L. Jackson), runs out of a closet with a gun and shoots the two men and a cop. The two men die and the cop has his leg amputated. This sets off the main plot of the story. Hailey gets Brigance to defend him for virtually nothing. During a courtroom scene, Eileen Roarke (Sandra Bullock, in a surprisingly small role for having top billing) helps Brigance to get the trial moved to another town. Unfortunately, the judge (Patrick McGoohan) decides against moving the trial. Brigance needs to get a jury of young, married men with children. What does he get? A jury of women and old men. So Brigance has his work cut out for him, especially when he is up against the cruel and cheating Rufus Buckley (Kevin Spacey). The film moves along quickly, which I wasn't expecting. The movie is 145 minutes long, but it seems shorter than this. The book is over 500 pages, so Goldsman had his work cut out for him. But he did a great job and made the movie more entertaining than the book. As I said, the actors must have had something to do with it as well. Matthew McConaughey is superb as Brigance. This is his first movie and it will probably make him famous. His summation is one of the best parts of the movie. He says it with great emotion that, not only can the jury relate with, but so can the audience. Samuel L. Jackson is always good and there is one particular scene where he gives a small talk to Brigance. It is powerful, even if it is short. That's how good Jackson is.

Pay for Performance Essay

Traditionally, all incentive plans are â€Å"pay-for-performance† plans. They pay all employees based on the employee’s performance (Dessler). Compensation is a primary motivator for employees. People look for jobs that not only suit their creativity and talents, but compensate them both in terms of salary and other benefits accordingly. Compensation is also one of the fastest changing fields in Human Resources, as companies continue to investigate various ways of rewarding employees for performance. It is very important for organizations to make sure that the incentive plans are well structured to need the needs of the employee and in return make the organization profitable. Giving incentive pay to employees that has not earned them destroys the motivation and moral of employees which leads to less productivity. Thanks to public outcry, shareholder outrage, and increased government scrutiny, companies are making some adjustments to their executive incentive programs. At the very least, it gives the appearance of linking pay to performance. Most managers get short-term bonuses and long-term incentives in addition to salary.50 For firms offering short-term incentive plans, virtually all 96% provide those incentives in cash. For those offering long-term incentive plans, about 48% offer stock options. These aim to motivate and reward management for long-term corporate growth in shareholder value. The size of the bonus (in terms of percentage of salary) is usually greater for top-level executives (Dessler). Often times top level management incentives are just a bit too much. They are given large stock options, cash bonuses, and other high price incentives and often times they take advantage of the situation. Enron executives are a great example of taking advantage of a good thing. This is just one down fall of the incentive program, another issue would be employee moral decrease because they often times feels like management should not receive such large rewards when they the employee feels like they are going all the work. Enron officials manipulated information to protect their interests and to deceive the public, although the extent of their deception is still to be determined. Both executives and board members claim that they weren’t aware of the company’s off-the-books partnerships and shaky financial standing. However, both Skilling and Lay were warned that the firm’s accounting tactics were suspect, and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations concluded, â€Å"Much that was wrong with Enron was known to the board.† Enron’s leaders acted irresponsibly by failing to take needed action, failing to exercise proper oversight, and failing to shoulder responsibility for the ethical miscues of their organization. Enron officials put loyalty to themselves above loyalty to everyone else with a stake in the company’s fate-stockholders, business partners, ratepayers, local communities, and foreign governments. They also abused the trust of those who worked for them. Employees felt betrayed, in addition to losing their jobs and retirement savings. America has an ethical issue because knowledge and techniques has been used to manipulate people unethically as well as to help them develop their potential. People who lack respect for the basic dignity of the human being could learn organizational behavior ideas and use them for selfish ends. Merit pay is a plan that most state agencies use. As times have changed and budgets are tight state government has cut back on merit play. The state merit programs were used to compensate employees for exceeding their work expectations. It has been over eight years since the state has given out merit pay. Employee’s moral is very low because top level management has found ways to get their friends pay raises. Another misuse of the merit system is when an employee has performed above the call of duty and is over looked and an increase is given to a person that has been less productive but is good friends with the boss. When times are tough economically, it is more important than ever for companies to clearly communicate their commitment to employees,† said Rich Sperling, a senior consultant with Hay Group. â€Å"Employers can leverage a variety of financial and nonfinancial rewards to engage employees through tough times when budgets are tight, but communicating and reinforcing those messages through a variety of channels is critical.†(HR Focus). How do you keep an employee motivated when there is nothing extra to give them for doing a job well done? Often times just a simple recognition of a job well done will keep an employee motivated. In my office we use to have a program called â€Å"Shout Outs†. Being that funding was tight and there were no pay raises being given out due to budget cuts our Deputy Director came up with this program. Giving employee’s recognition for going above and beyond to get a job done. It was amazing how the employees reacted to this program because so many people were never given credit for a job well done. What I found out through this program was that when people are given credit for going a great job they are willing to go that extra mile above and beyond to make sure they job is done and it is quality work that is produced. Often time managers would take the credit for a job they did not perform and were given incentives and they ones that had really done the job was left in the cold. Organizations have to make sure that when incentives are given out that they people receiving the incentives are the ones that deserve them. When an employee feels appreciated they are more willing to go without the incentive pay and get the job done it’s when they feel like the organization does not value them is when they start to look for employment with a company that appreciate them and make them feel like they are valuable to the organization. In conclusion incentives are environmental factors that are established for the purpose of motivating a person. Individual incentive programs give performance-based pay to individual employees. Team-based incentives of course aim to incentivize work teams. Variable pay refers to group pay plans that tie payments to productivity or to some other measure of the firm’s profitability. Incentives play an important part in motivating employees to do a good job. When an employee feels like the organizations appreciate them rather it is with bonus pay, paid time off, recognition, family leave, or good health benefits that are more willing to go that extra mile to make sure quality service is provided. Benefits and incentives pay also helps to motivate employees they call in sick less are healthier happier people all because they feel more appreciated!!