Analysis Of Leadership Styles Politics Essay

Analysis Of leadinghiphip Styles Politics EssayThis report was commissi bingled to represent comparative analysis of drawing cardship manners of two chairmans of the unite States of America that is one ex- death chair George W. supply and current president Barack H. Obama. The object of discussion is to compare and contrast leadinghip qualities of both presidents based on basic leading theories that were introduced in literary productions review Great slice theory, traits theory, and behavioral approach, contingency, transformational and trans twistional theories.As per requirements it was make the introduction of the background of two personalities including their childhood, university years and career. It was done overview of leadership qualities of them where B. Obama is represented as a political leader with good political skills, gigantic ability to earthly concern communication, organizational capacity and emotional intelligence and G.W. render as a leader with p rominent political deal and skills. Except that it was expressed my own horizon about two leaders where is the to the highest degree admirable politician is George W. bush-league who is top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, masculine leader who circuits his affection on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly prolongting there.In a conclusion it is indispensable to say that The President of the United States of America is granted signifi crappert powers by the genius and exercises others by tradition and precedent. He has to inspire the confidence of the state. either President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him.INTRODUCTIONLeadership is an influence relationship among leaders and their collaborators who cogitate real changes that reflect their mutual conclusions( Komives, Woodard, 2003).Leader are some eubstance whom people follow and guide people. Leaders are the head of the solid ground, political party, legisla tive body or military unit. A type of Leader isdetermined and identified by the centre of attention traitthatisemphasized andby thecombination of other core traits that aredisplayed and officed to gain the relieve oneself of the people and Lead them to undertake the major task facing the organization(www.scribd.com)Some characteristics of leadersLeaders are essential for conniption the company vision, assessing where the company stands and making difficult choices. Leaders must be able to pull a team up together, solve problems and develop strategies.Leaders Challenge people.Leaders build their peoples Confidence.Leaders Coach the people they lead.Leaders con run people by bringing them out of their comfort zones, enabling people to reach successes that they never thought they could achieve.Leaders boost confidence and put their faith in their people to deliver the goal.Leaders reward intelligent failures, or the sincere effort to achieve, even if the effort may fail.Leaders communicate a clear and compelling vision to challenge people to think and act differently as they pursue a new agenda.BACKGROUNDBarack ObamaObama is actually of mixed heritage. He was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father Barack Obama Senior was from Kenya and Obamas mother, Ann Durham, was earlier from Kansas. The marriage between Obamas parents was a short-lived one, however. In the early 1960s, interracial relationships were still quite rare in troopsy parts of America, and even technically illegal in some states. When Obama was two years old they divorced, and his father left Hawaii to enter Harvard University to earn a Ph.D. in sparings. The two Baracks met once again only once, when Obama was ten, though they did write occasionally. Barack Sr. eventually returned to Kenya and died in a car accident there in the early 1980s. Obamas mother remarried a man from Indonesia who civiliseed in the oil industry, and when Obama was six they moved there. The family lived nea r the capital of Jakarta, where his half-sister Maya was born. At the age of ten, Obama returned to Hawaii and lived with his maternal grandparents.Obama entered in kindergarten level in Noelani Elementary indoctrinate located at Honolulu, Hawaii and then from first to fourth mark off he done education in Jakarta, Indonesia. Fifth with twelfth grade he done education again in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama got High take aim diploma from Punahou and went on to Occidental College in Los Angeles, where he decided to get unplayful about his studies. Midway through, he transferred to the prestigious Columbia University in New York City. After he earned his undergraduate peak in political science, he became a community organizer in Harlem- merely quickly realized he could non afford to live in the city with a job that give so little. Instead, he moved to Chicago to work for a church-based social-services organization there. Obama applied to and was accepted at Harvard Law School. In 1990, he was elected president of the Harvard Law Review journal (http//www.notablebiographies.com). Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training job on Alinsky methods of organizing(Lizza, Ryan, 2007). Barack Hussein Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States on November 2008(http//www.nytimes.com).George Walker BushHe was born in New Haven, Connecticut on 1946. Bush was the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with his four siblings. Bushs grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. Bushs father, George H. W. Bush, served as U.S. Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and U.S. President from 1989 to 1993 ( Clarita, CalBoyer, 1995). As a child, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years (http//www.li b.utexas.edul). Bush finished his high school years at Phillips Academy. Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in business relationship. During this time, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternitys president during his senior year. He characterized himself as an average student. Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush attended the Harvard Business School, where he earned an MBA. He was the only U.S. President to earn earned an MBA(http//www.ameri bearthinker.com). In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas straining home(a) Guard. After two years of active-duty service while training, he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s out of Ellington Air Force Base. In October 1973, Bush was discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to inactive duty in the Air Force Reserve. He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, at the end of his six-year s ervice obligation (http//www.dod.mil). He married on November 1977. In 1982 he would have a twin daughter. George W. Bush served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001-2009.MAIN BODY3.1 Theories on LeadershipLeadership has different meaning to different authors. Harry Truman, the American President, said that leadership is the ability to get men (women) to do what they dont like to do and like it (Greenstein, 1989).Leadership is defined as influence, that is the art or process of influencing people so that they will deform willingly and en consequentlyiastically towards the achievement of group goals(Koontz, Weihrich, 2006).So a good leader is a maker of men, developer of subordinates and creator of worthy lieutenants.The activities of successful effective leadersHCollege filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentUntitled.png (function() var scribd = document.createElement( record) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scrib d.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )() John Adair has a long pedigree in the world of leadership. The Adair stumper is that the action-centered leader gets the job done through the work team and relationships with fellow managers and staff. According to Adairs explanation an action-centered leader must direct the job to be done (task structuring) support and review the individual people doing it co-ordinate and foster the work team as a wholeTEAMTASKINDIVIDUALThe challenge for the leader is to manage all sectors of the diagramTaskdefine the taskmake the planallocate work and resourcescontrol quality and rate of workcheck performance against planadjust the planTeammaintain moderatebuild team spiritencourage, motivate, give a sense of goalappoint sub-leadersensure communication within groupdevelop the groupIndividualattend to personal problemspraise individualsgive statusrecognise and use individual abilitiesdevelop the individualA review of the leadership literature reveals an evolving series of schools of thought from Great Man and Trait theories to Transformational leadership (see table). Whilst early theories tend to focus upon the characteristics and behaviors of successful leaders, later theories begin to consider the role of followers and the contextual nature of leadership (Gronn, 1995).Great Man TheoriesBased on the impression that leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities, destined to lead. The use of the term man was intentional since until the latter part of the twentieth century leadership was thought of as a concept which is primarily male, military and Western. This led to the next school of Trait TheoriesTrait TheoriesThe lists of traits or qualities associated with leadership exist in abundance and continue to be produced. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which describe some positive or virtuous servicema n attri exactlye, from ambition to zest for lifeBehavioral TheoriesThese concentrate on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observe and categorized as styles of leadership. This area has probably attracted most attention from practicing managersContingency TheoryThis is a refinement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstancesTransactional TheoryThis approach emphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, steering on the mutual benefits derived from a form of contract through which the leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition in return for the commitment or loyalty of the followersTransformational TheoryThe central concept here is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performanceF rom Great Man to Transformational LeadershipEach of these theories takes a rather individualistic perspective of the leader, although a school of thought gaining increasing recognition is that of dispersed leadership. This approach, with its foundations in sociology, psychology and government activity rather than management science, views leadership as a process that is diffuse throughout an organisation rather than lying solely with the formally designated leader. The emphasis thus shifts from developing leaders to developing leaderful organisations with a collective responsibility for leadership.Trait TheoriesTrait theories of leadership sought personality, social, physical or intellectual traits that differentiate leaders from non leaders. Trait view has little analytical or predictive value. Technical, conceptual and human skills (Katz, 1974). People are born with inherited traits. Some traits are oddly suited to leadership. People who make good leaders have the right combinat ion of traits.TraitsSkillsAdaptable to situationsAlert to social environmentAmbitious and achievement-orientatedAssertive accommodatingDecisiveDependableDominant (desire to influence others)Energetic (high activity level)PersistentSelf-confidentTolerant of stressWilling to assume responsibilityClever (intelligent)conceptually skilledCreativeDiplomatic and tactfulFluent in speakingKnowledgeable about group taskOrganized administrative ability)Persuasivesocially skilledBehavioral TheoriesBehavioral theories of leadership do not waitress inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what leaders actually do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it should be relatively easy for other people to act in the same way. This is easier to ascertain and learn then to adopt the more ephemeral traits or capabilities.Trait theory Leaders are born, not made.Behavioral theory Leadership traits can be taught.Ohio State StudiesInitiating StructureThe extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of sub-ordinates in the search for goal attainment. regardThe extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates ideas, and regard for their feelings.University of Michigan StudiesEmployee-Oriented LeaderEmphasizing interpersonal relations taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepting individual differences among members.Production-Oriented Leader superstar who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job.HCollege filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentbehaviour.jpg (function() var scribd = document.createElement(script) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )() Contingency TheoriesFiedlers Contingency ModelThe theory that effective groups depend o n a proper married person between a leaders style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader (Brooks, 2007).Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) QuestionnaireAn instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented.Leader-Member RelationsThe degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader.Task StructureThe degree to which the job assignments are procedurized.Position Power solve derived from ones formal structural position in the organization includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases.HCollege filecollege fileSemester 5MLSAssignmentcontingency.jpg (function() var scribd = document.createElement(script) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )() Tran sactional TheoriesTransactional leadership manakins treat the process of leading as a cross between a social and business transaction. There are particular hierarchies and structures in which some people are leaders and others are followers. A leader and follower agree to a contract. The latter is responsible for chase orders to do a job, and the former provides rewards for proper execution of responsibilities. The difficulty in transactional leadership is that the concept doesnt apply well to all circumstances or cultures. For example, job-performance-and-reward model doesnt pertain to volunteer efforts, where the reward is usually something other than what the leader can directly provide (http//www.everything.com).Transactional leadership seeks to motivate followers by appealing to their own self-interest. Transactional leaders use stodgy reward and punishment to gain compliance from their followers.Transformational theoriesJames MacGregor Burns first introduced the concept o f transformational leadership in his book Leadership (1978), but this term is now used in organizational psychology as well. He described it not as a set of specific behaviours, but rather an ongoing process by which leaders and followers raise one other to higher levels of morality and motivation. Transformational leaders offer a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order intrinsic needs. Transformational leaders raise the bar by appealing to higher ideals and values of followers. In doing so, they may model the values themselves and use charismatic methods to attract people to the values and to the leader.There are four components of transformational leadership, which areTab.13.2 OBAMA LEADERSHIP QUALITIESPresident Barack Obama has gotten the attention of Americans and foreigners alike imputable to his charismatic nature. A charismatic approach is transformational if it invokes a permanent change in the people who embrace the leaders vision. Thus far, Pr esident Obama has woed many to his vision which has the potential to make a huge difference in both domestic and foreign affairs.Barack Obama is a fascinating political leader. Obama have some following leadership qualities.Public CommunicationOrganizational CapacityEmotional Intelligencepolitical SkillCognitive Stylehttp//www.usnews.comPresident Obamas frankness is also another key that sets him apart from count little other politicians. By communicating his goal honestly and clearly, listeners are able to sense his sincerity and will tend to trust him more. This is opposed to many others who choose not to come clean regarding certain ulterior motives, apparent as they may be, and this only mean that listeners are less willing to trust them wholeheartedly.Barak Obama also scores well in terms of being able to delegate tasks to more capable hands, and concerns himself more with the direction setting and visioning of the nation. In higher management, delegation is a crucial skill to master in order to be effective (http//www.leadership-lessons.com).Apart this Barack Obama has some special qualities in his life as well that shows his leaders nature. He is not afraid to be surrounded by other brilliant people from whom he gets advice. He learns new things from them. He goes to meetings with an open heart. He is not stuck up with ego. He is willing to learn new things. He is willing to listen. He has gone through the steps of learning, growing, teaching, writing, earning and gaining trust and support etc. He is a seeker of challenges (http//hubpages.com).BUSH LEADERSHIP QUALITIESGeorge Walker Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges such(prenominal) of todays conventional wisdom about leadership and indeed is a marked departure from other recent presidents. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting ot hers to follow or get out of the way. He is a big-picture fellow who learned in business school and in Austin to focus on only two or three goals at a time and pursue them fiercely, seeing other issues as distractions. Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont overlook behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later.Bush has indeed moved quickly to set his course and stick to it. He has let things languish and pushed problems to the future. He has also not hesitated to switch positions when necessary, such as when he first opposed, and then backed, the universe of discourse of a Homeland Security Department. He is a person who, once he picks a goal, never looks back. Even strong supporters sometimes worry that his curiosity and patience seem limited, while detractors see him as intellectually lazy and dependent on ideology and sloganeering instead of realism and clear thinking. Because he has a relatively small set of advisers, dissenting voices are effectively muffled (http//www.washingtonpost.com).Far more key to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is discipline of message. Bush had waged a highly disciplined campaign that focused on a few core issues. Yet in his three debates with Al Gore, Bush had come across to many as unprepared for the job. Occasionally, Bush made his trademark smirk, a gesture that many took as a sign of arrogance. Bush described himself as a compassionate conservative (http//www.ontheissues.org). There are some following leadership qualities.Public CommunicationPolicy VisionPolitical SkillsOrganizational Capacityhttp//writ.news.findlaw.comCompare with Leadership QualitiesTransformational theoryPeter Northouse (2004) wrote that transformational leadership is the process whereby an individual engages with others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower.Obama has benefited from prac ticed oratory, personal charm and charisma. He has mixed old and new media strategies to sustain and build popular support. Obama and his communications team have been clever at devising novel ways to present Obama in a sympathetic light. In confronting the contemporary era of fragmented media of communication, the president has shown a savvy ability to find the audience, as opposed to expecting the audience to come to him (Woolley, Peters, 2009).George W. Bush likes to consider himself a transformational leader. His supporters like to compare him to Reagan and Truman with the implicit premise that history will also treat him kindly after a rough spell in the polls but in fact he is not like that. He highly religious and moralistic but at the same time he is poor manager, failing to organize diverse info flows in his administration, and he is resistant to new ideas. George W. Bush is failed as a transformational leader since he was running against the odds (Bass, Riggio, 2006).Cont ingency theoryThe basic cartel of contingency theory is that effective leadership is contingent upon matching leaders style to the right setting. Barak Obama showed a distinct ability to alter his leadership style to fit a situation on at least three occasions.First, while presiding over a town hall meeting in forgather Meyer, Florida, President Obama demonstrated the tender side of leadership by delivering a genuine kiss of compassion to a woman struggling to overcome economic hard times and the embarrassing stigma of being homeless.Secondly, on his first trip to the G20 summit in Europe. President Obama discerned that the Prime Minister of France and the Premier of china were at an impasse over a certain deal at which time he showed a sense of cross cultural leadership by gently calling the two aside to a corner and brokering a deal between them.Third, as aforementioned, President Obama flexed his presidential biceps to force Chrysler into bankruptcy, both Chrysler and GM out o f NASCAR, and both Chrysler and GM accept new MPG fuel standards (Coggins, 2009).In comparison with B. Obama G.W. Bush leads by definition. His leadership posture has arguably set a new standard in immunizing the presidency from the risks of todays hyper-politicized, media-exposed environment. His success is traced to several factors his personal political experiences, the imperative of defining political issues and opponents during the revitalization of the conservative movement, and the GOPs control of American national government. G.W. Bush is one of a long line of orthodox innovators in American presidential history. Like other presidents who led by binder themselves to their political base while seeking to go beyond orthodoxyincluding James Polk, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lyndon JohnsonPresident Bush faces the challenge of redeeming old promises while responding to the demand for something new( Skowronek, 2005).Behavioral leadershipFrom behavioral perspective of leadership Obama successes as a leader. He isAttention Grabber.Knows how to make the best use of any opportunity give.PersistentHe does not lose hope after he lost the election US congress and then won in the senate elections by a large margin.He is a self aware and most importantly has the ability to tie his own experience into a political speech in which he portrays himself as an ordinary citizen, speaking for the general public. As a manager it might not effect whether you portray yourself as a common man or not but as a leader it is very important to relate the common man (http//www.slideshare.net).From behavioural perspective of leadership B. Obama shows himself as a democratic leader. Obama touted his abilities to solve problems in a bipartisan way, to take on special interest groups, and to restore Americas standing globally, while giving average citizens a voice. This dates back to my history as a community organizer and my belief that if ordinary people participate we get better outcomes, he said. Temperamentally, Im someone who tries to seek common ground, he said. I tend not to demonize people who dont agree with me, but try to find areas of overlap. Im not an ideological person I try to make decisions based on facts, what works and what doesnt. (http//www.concordmonitor.com).G.W. Bush in contrast to Obama is autocratic leader. Bush is resolute in his decisions and ultimately does not look for, or care to truly consider opinions that run counter to his desires. He wants to propagate freedom without seeming to understand the fundamentals of liberty. It isnt all about bombs and tanks and statesmanship from the working end of a gun. It is about unrestricted exchange. It is about occupying real estate where reasonable people publicly tussle over tough ideas. It is opinion given unadorned rather than served with ginned up intelligence or hidden behind executive privilege and presidential clemency or warrant-less wiretaps. Freedom as trite as it sounds requires vigila nce and oversight.3.4. Opinion about George Walker Bush Leadership StyleGeorge Bush has embraced a command-and-control style that sharply challenges much of todays conventional wisdom about leadership.There are some qualities that I consider as admirable for me. Bush is a top-down, no-nonsense, decisive, macho leader who sets his eye on the far horizon and doesnt go wobbly getting there. He is crisp and can be confrontational, expecting others to follow or get out of the way. He asks questions and actively listens before he decides, but he doesnt agonize, and once the decision is made, he doesnt brook internal dissent. He happily delegates details, but he monitors his team closely. If they oscillate off course, he snaps them back into line.Once he sets a course, he may try his hand at public persuasion. But if people dont swing behind him, he plunges ahead anyway, trusting that they will catch up later. Far more important to him than the art of persuasion, or so it appears, is disc ipline of message. He has learned through experience that if he and his team repeat a clear, simple message long enough, the public is much more likely to give him permission to act, even if they arent fully persuaded.One more admirable quality is that as he imposes a demanding physical regime upon himself, he also insists that his team stick to a script and drill it home repeatedly. He is slow to trust and has a long memory for those who cross him or his family, but he is devoted to those who are faithful. Loyalty to the man, loyalty to the mission, loyalty to the message, you dont stay on his team long unless you get with the program.Bush also has nerve. If he thinks the mission important enough, he will take a risk even put his presidency on the line. So what if no president since Franklin Roosevelt has picked up congressional position in his first mid-term election? So what if I risk embarrassment by campaigning hard for Republicans? Lets rev up Air Force One and barnstorm the country. Thats the way Bush acts, and more often than not as in the 2002 election, he wins his bets (Gergen, 2003).George W. Bush has displayed a natural ability to lead. Through his skillful use of timeless management principles and his powerful people skills, Bush has proven to be a genius at leadership. The Leadership Genius of George W. Bush reveals the pixilated leadership principles of the first President with an MBA and illustrates how he uses them to operate within the arenas of politics, business, and life (Bennis, Thomas, 2002).ConclusionThe President of the United States of America is granted significant powers by the Constitution and exercises others by tradition and precedent. However, success exercising these powers has varied widely from one President to the next. Harnessing the powers of the presidency and managing the sprawling executive branch take a great deal of skill and determination. Indeed Presidents face a host of challenges as they attempt to lead the nati on and its people. They must work with others in the separated corpse of American government. They must constantly deal with a wide range of complex domestic and foreign policy problems which tend to arise at the get through possible times. They must try to organize and lead an executive branch which often does not want to follow. And they must try to lead a nation with an aversion to strong leadership. That some Presidents are strong and effective leaders in spite of these obstacles is a testament to their talents, skills and determination.Every President has to inspire the confidence of the people. Every President has to become a leader, and to be a leader he must attract people who are willing to follow him. Every President has to develop a moral underpinning to his power, or he soon discovers that he has no power at all (Jones, 1994).In conclusion it would be relevant to refer to the words of Dwight D. Eisenhower (former US President) Leadership the art of getting someone else to do something youwant done because he wants to do it (http//www.garymotivations.com).